Once a crypto account is created, hbars can be moved out of the account (causing the balance to drop) only if the transactions directing such movements are cryptographically signed by the private key(s) associated with the public keys.
Hedera charges fees based on the burden a particular smart contract transaction or query places on the nodes of the network. Although the concept originated from Ethereum, there are subtle yet key differences on Hedera.
The guiding principle of the fee model is that transactions and queries will have a fee that both reflects the amount of bandwidth, processing, and storage resources they consume, as well as the duration of that consumption.
Distributed ledger technologies (DLT) aren’t just built on code; they’re about community too. And while we might wish for universal agreement, any community worth the name will have its share of disagreement and dispute.
The public Hedera network is dedicated to that which the underlying hashgraph algorithm is optimized for – securely and fairly ordering transactions. Without the burden of execution and storage, the nodes of the Hedera mainnet can perform that step with high throughput and low latency.
The fundamental value proposition of a distributed ledger is that participants need not have special trust in any single node maintaining the state. Hedera’s state proofs ensure that clients querying the state can be given the necessary confidence that any data, even if returned by a single node, does indeed accurately represent the consensus state as maintained by the full network.
A technical deep-dive into how the hashgraph consensus algorithm allows for practical cryptocurrency micropayments and the considerations made when designing our open source example applications for the community testing program, to scale to up to 100,000 unique community testers.
Proxy staking in Hedera hashgraph will allow the stake of millions of account holders to be used towards consensus even if not directly participating as a node. Nodes will receive significant compensation for staking, to incentivize them to do all the effort of being a node. Proxy stakers will also receive very small amounts in order to incentivize them to do the small amount of effort of choosing reliable nodes to which they can proxy stake.
Hedera charges rent for storing crypto accounts, files, and smart contracts in the consensus state maintained by all nodes to both guard against that state growing without bound and to fund payments to those nodes to compensate for their storage costs.